Wednesday, September 25, 2013
Wednesday, September 18, 2013
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Thursday, May 10, 2012
Vietnam Era/ Sixties/ CounterCulture/ Music
Mother, mother
There's too many of you crying
Brother, brother, brother
There's far too many of you dying
You know we've got to find a way
To bring some lovin' here today - Ya
Father, father
We don't need to escalate
You see, war is not the answer
For only love can conquer hate
You know we've got to find a way
To bring some lovin' here today
Picket lines and picket signs
Don't punish me with brutality
Talk to me, so you can see
Oh, what's going on
What's going on
Ya, what's going on
Ah, what's going on
In the mean time
Right on, baby
Right on
Right on
Father, father, everybody thinks we're wrong
Oh, but who are they to judge us
Simply because our hair is long
Oh, you know we've got to find a way
To bring some understanding here today
Oh
Picket lines and picket signs
Don't punish me with brutality
Talk to me
So you can see
What's going on
Ya, what's going on
Tell me what's going on
I'll tell you what's going on - Uh
Right on baby
Right on baby
There's too many of you crying
Brother, brother, brother
There's far too many of you dying
You know we've got to find a way
To bring some lovin' here today - Ya
Father, father
We don't need to escalate
You see, war is not the answer
For only love can conquer hate
You know we've got to find a way
To bring some lovin' here today
Picket lines and picket signs
Don't punish me with brutality
Talk to me, so you can see
Oh, what's going on
What's going on
Ya, what's going on
Ah, what's going on
In the mean time
Right on, baby
Right on
Right on
Father, father, everybody thinks we're wrong
Oh, but who are they to judge us
Simply because our hair is long
Oh, you know we've got to find a way
To bring some understanding here today
Oh
Picket lines and picket signs
Don't punish me with brutality
Talk to me
So you can see
What's going on
Ya, what's going on
Tell me what's going on
I'll tell you what's going on - Uh
Right on baby
Right on baby
VIETNAM SONG ANALYSIS
Choose two songs embedded here other than What’s Going On. Listen to your song choice several times. Pay attention
to the lyrics. Write them down and make notations if it helps. Try to read
between the lines. Look for literary devices such as simile, metaphor and
parallelism. These devices are often used in well-written song lyrics.
Look
for poetic devices and poetic structure, such as internal and other rhyme
schemes found in poetry. Search the lyrics for hyperbole, symbolism and
beautiful language you would be more inclined to find in the works of noted
poets. Discuss the music of your song in terms of tone, mood, and how it works
with the song lyrics to enhance the overall message of the song. You don't need
to be able to read music to hear what's going on musically within a song.
Write
a one page analysis of each song you choose paying close attention to the
meaning of the song and the literary techniques mentioned above. Your analysis should reference what is the
main meaning of the song and why it relates to the Vietnam era, 1960’s or
both.
THIS
ASSIGNMENT IS DUE ON MONDAY MAY 14th.
VOCAB
A simile is a figure
of speech that indirectly compares two different things by
employing the words "like", "as", or "than”.
Metaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of
another.
Symbolism is the practice of
representing things by symbols, or of investing
things with a symbolic meaning or
character.
SONGS
SONGS
Sunday, May 6, 2012
Kennedy- 1960's
Cuban Missile Crisis- Simulation
http://library.thinkquest.org/18355/the_cuban_missile_crisis_simul.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/18355/the_cuban_missile_crisis_simul.html
Thursday, May 3, 2012
We Shall Overcome II
WE SHALL OVERCOME – The Civil Rights Movement (Part
II)
1. The Path Divides I: Alternative Visions
Like all human activities, the Civil Rights movement was
characterized by differences in view. King’s philosophy was not the only vision
of an African-American future. Open the link below and look up the article on Nation
of Islam. Read the article, and answer the questions below.
a. What were the central tenets of the Nation of Islam
during the leadership of Elijah Muhammad?
b. How does the philosophy of Muhammad and the Nation of
Islam differ from that of King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
in its analysis of the problems of African-Americans and their solution?
2. The Path Divides II: Black Power
The separatist strand in African-American liberation philosophy
was not simply as Islamic phenomenon, but had a distinct secular element,
represented by the Black Panther Party. The link below contains the platform of
the Black Panther Party. Read the platform and answer the questions below.
a. The platform represents a political philosophy,
applied to a racial problem. What is the political philosophy in
question, and how has it been amended from its original European context?
b. What difficulties does the platform pose as a practical
political program?
c. How might the platform affect white support for Civil
Rights, and to what extent does this influence the thinking of the Black
Panther Party?
3. The Path Divides III: The Philosophy of Malcolm X.
The link below contains numerous quotes from Malcolm X,
Muslim and separatist. Read the quotes, and select THREE examples that
seem to you to best illustrate the difference of view between Malcolm X and
Martin Luther King.
4. The Path Divides IV: The Limits of Morality.
From the mid-Sixties onwards, radical black leaders, who
privately mocked him as “De Lawd”, criticized King as overly cautious and
egotistical. King moved sharply to the Left, and attempted to build an
interracial radical national coalition against poverty. King’s attempt to
expand his base failed, and his influence declined. A key element in King’s
loss of mainstream support was his decision to speak out about the war in
Vietnam. The text of his speech in is in the link below. Read the speech and
answer the questions below.
- What effect does King accuse the war of having on the Poverty Program, i.e. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society policy of attacking poverty through massive Federal programs?
- Of which grotesque social inequality does King accuse the war?
- How does King link violence in Vietnam with violence in black ghettos in the U.S.?
- How does King see Vietnam in relation to America’s soul?
- In what two senses does King see himself as working for the “brotherhood of man”?
- What “five concrete things” does King suggest as a starting point for action?
- King expands his criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam to a much wider thesis. What is it?
- What difficulties does the speech pose in terms of practical politics?
- Do you regard King as a practical politician?
5. The Path Divides V: Saint Martin – Great American or
Holy Fool?
Put together in your mind all you have learned of Martin
Luther King and his extraordinary life. Now draft a paragraph in which you take
a position on the central question of King as a historical figure: was the
absolute and unwavering moral dimension of his thinking a source of strength or
a source of weakness in the struggle for Civil Rights?
Monday, April 30, 2012
CIVIL RIGHTS I
WE SHALL OVERCOME – The Civil Rights Movement I
1. When We Were Colored I: Social Image and
African-Americans
The images presented in evidence below are drawn from
American popular culture in the 1940s and 1950s. Using these images, develop
and present a theory about the social and cultural status of African-Americans
at that time.
2. When We Were Colored II: Separate But Equal?
The Supreme Court judgment in Plessey v. Fergusson (1896)
established the constitutional basis for segregation. Use the images below to
assist you in developing and presenting a theory about the extent and effects
of segregation in the 1940s and 1950s.
3. When We Were Colored III: Cracks in the Monolith
The Second World War was a turning point in the history of
African-Americans. Very slowly the monolith of segregation and
racial subjection began to crack. Using the evidence below, develop and present
a theory about factors that drove this phenomenon.
4. When We Were Colored IV: The Murder of Emmett Till
In 1955 an African-American teenager named Emmett Till said
something mildly fresh to a white female shopkeeper in Mississippi.
Significantly, Till had been raised in the North, and did not understand “the
rules” in the South. Till was taken away by white supremacists, and murdered
with extraordinary savagery. Till’s mother had his body displayed in an open
coffin to shock Northern white sensibilities. She succeeded. Till’s killers
were acquitted, but the incident did much to heighten Northern awareness of the
plight of Southern blacks.
5. Eyes on the Prize I: The Early Civil Rights Movement
The timeline on the link below summarizes the major events
in the early phase of the Civil Rights movement. Go through the timeline of
events and develop a thesis about this early phase. What were its outstanding
characteristics, its strategy?
6. Eyes on the Prize II: Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka (1954)
In 1954 the Supreme Court passed a landmark judgment in the
case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The summary of the
judgment is set out in the link below. Read the summary and answer the
questions below:
- What was the judgment of the Court?
- What factors led them to this judgment?
- In your opinion, does the judgment reflect a strict or a loose construction of the Constitution?
- Why was Brown a landmark judgment?
7. Eyes on the Prize III: Martin Luther King, Jr. and his
Philosophy
From 1955 until his murder in 1968 the extraordinary
personality of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. played a dominant role in the Civil
Rights movement. Dr. King’s philosophy was set out in a letter he wrote in 1963
from Birmingham city jail. This letter is set out in the link below. Read the
letter and answer the questions below.
- What is it that draws King to Birmingham?
- What does King see as the four basic steps of a nonviolent campaign?
- What does King mean by “self-purification”?
- Why does King see nonviolent tension as a creative force for growth?
- Why does King see pressure as necessary to achieve social justice?
- How does King justify law breaking in pursuit of justice?
- How does King define a just law?
- What is King’s criticism of white moderates?
- King argues that he is equally critical of what he sees as the two divisions of the black community. How does he characterize these divisions, and what does he see as the way forward?
- What historic examples does King quote in support of his “extremist” position?
- What criticism does King make of the Christian church?
- Why does King criticize the Birmingham police for using a moral means to an immoral end?
- At the end of his letter justifying a revolutionary approach to obtaining social justice, King reveals himself to be a conservative – or at least a traditionalist. How?
Monday, April 23, 2012
1950s Project
1950s Project
For this project you will work in a group, using Prezi, to cover one of the following topics of the 1950s and present it to the class:- Lifestyle
- Business
- Civil Rights
- The Cold War
- Communism and the Cold War at Home
- Entertainment
- The Korean War
Each group will find their particular requirements in the above
links. They are all different but each is specifically identified. You
must research the topics and present it to the class. You will be
responsible for listening and taking notes to study for your test on the
1950s.
You must complete a Prezi using the rubric provided.
You need to include at least 5 appropriate images that relate to the project. You also need a works cited.
Wednesday, April 18, 2012
Sunday, April 15, 2012
Thursday, April 12, 2012
The Atomic Decision
| Albert Einstein's Letter to FDR (August 2, 1939) |
Questions to Consider
1. What element is being used as material for a bomb? In which countries is this element located?
2. What is the destructive potential of this weapon?
3. What course of action does Einstein advise?
4. What has Germany done to alert Einstein’s attention?
Einstein Letter to Roosevelt
| Atomic Scientists Petition to Truman (July 17, 1945) |
The following document is a letter written from the members of the Manhattan Project to Truman Questions to Consider
1. Why had the atomic scientists agreed to work in the project? What has changed now?
2. Why, in the opinion of the scientists, is the use of atomic bombs against Japan unjustified? What should be done instead?
3. How realistic is the scientists’ plan for the Japanese surrender without the use of the bomb?
4. What is the ultimate danger, according to the scientists, if the United States is the first country to use the weapon?
Letter Against Bomb
| Tale of Two Cities |
The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:15 on the morning of August 6, 1945. About an hour previously, the Japanese early warning radar net had detected the approach of some American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. The alert had been given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. At 8:16 A.M., the Tokyo control operator of the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. Military headquarters repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the men at Headquarters; they knew that no large enemy raid could have occurred, and they knew that no sizeable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer of the Japanese General Staff was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was generally felt at Headquarters that nothing serious had taken place, that it was all a terrible rumor starting from a few sparks of truth.
The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 100 miles from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb. In the bright afternoon, the remains of Hiroshima were burning.
Tokyo's first knowledge of what had really caused the disaster came from the White House public announcement in Washington sixteen hours after Hiroshima had been hit by the atomic bomb.Three days later, Nagasaki would become victim. Nagasaki had never been subjected to large scale bombing prior to the explosion of the atomic bomb there. On the morning of August 9th, 1945, at about 7:50 A.M., Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "All clear" signal was given at 8:30. When only two B-29 super fortresses were sighted at 10:53 the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. A few moments later, at 11:00 o'clock, the observation B-29 dropped instruments attached to three parachutes and at 11:02 the other plane released the atomic bomb.
The bomb exploded high over the industrial valley of Nagasaki, almost midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works (Torpedo Works), in the north, the two principal targets of the city.
The first three resources below are videos exploring the atomic bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki along with the interviews with witnesses. The three videos, when played together run 12:02. The fourth resource is a photograph of the crew of the Enola Gay, the plane that carried the bombs to Japan. The fifth resource is a picture of Hiroshima after the bombing. The sixth is a photograph of the mushroom cloud at Nagasaki caused by the bombing. The final document below is an artistic representation of the devastation experienced in Japan.
Questions to Consider
1. According to video #1, why was Hiroshima a target for atomic bombing?
2. What types of buildings were able to withstand the blast?
3. According to the priest in video #2, what was the first thing that he noticed about the blast?
4. According to the priest, what happened shortly after the blast?
5. According to video #3, why was Nagasaki selected as a target?
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Sunday, April 8, 2012
Statistics of the Great Depression
By the Numbers
The Economy During the Great DepressionUS Gross Domestic Product (current dollars)
The Great Crash, 1929-1933
in 1929: $103.6 billion
in 1930: $91.2
in 1931: $76.5
in 1932: $58.7
in 1933: $56.4
New Deal Recovery and Recession, 1934-39
in 1934: $66.0 billion
in 1935: $73.3
in 1936: $83.8
in 1937: $91.9
in 1938: $86.1
in 1939: $92.2
Mobilization for WWII, 1940-1945
in 1940: $101.4 billion
in 1941: $126.7
in 1942: $161.9
in 1943: $198.6
in 1944: $219.8
in 1945: $223.1
The overall size of the American economy, measured by gross domestic product, sharply declined following the crash on Wall Street—from $103.6 billion in 1929 to $66 billion in 1934. The economic recovery of 1933-1937, among the most dramatic in US history, saw double-digit annual gains, although a tax increase and cutback in government spending in 1937 threw the economy back into recession. Complete recovery from the economic misery of the Great Depression only arrived after 1940, when mobilization for World War II caused a huge increase in industrial production; between 1940 and 1945, GDP more than doubled in current dollars.1
***
Growth of Government During the Great Depression
Government Expenditures and Investments (in current dollars)
Hoover Administration, 1929-1939
in 1929: $9.4 billion
in 1930: $10.0
in 1931: $9.9
in 1932: $8.7
Average government spending as percentage of GDP, 1929-32: 12.0%
Roosevelt's New Deal
in 1933: $8.7 billion
in 1934: $10.5
in 1935: $10.9
in 1936: $13.1
in 1937: $12.8
in 1938: $13.8
in 1939: $14.8
Average government spending as percentage of GDP, 1933-39: 15.4%
Mobilization for WWII
in 1940: $15.0 billion
in 1941: $26.5
in 1942: $62.7
in 1943: $94.8
in 1944: $105.3
in 1945: $93
Average government spending as percentage of GDP, 1940-45: 35.3%
Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal greatly increased the size and scope of government during the 1930s, then World War II increased government spending even more dramatically in the early 1940s, skyrocketing to consume nearly half the US economy during World War II.2
***
Unemployment During the Great Depression
Average rate of unemployment
in 1929: 3.2%
in 1930: 8.9%
in 1931: 16.3%
in 1932: 24.1%
in 1933: 24.9%
in 1934: 21.7%
in 1935: 20.1%
in 1936: 16.9%
in 1937: 14.3%
in 1938: 19.0%
in 1939: 17.2%3
Full and healthy employment in 1929 at 3.2% abruptly shifted with the crash on Wall Street and ensuing global depression. Rising unemployment reached double-digits in late 1930, and the situation continued to deteriorate through the bleak winter of 1932-33, when well over a quarter of all workers were unable to find jobs. The New Deal helped to reduce unemployment from 1933 through 1937, when another economic recession briefly caused a resurgence in joblessness. Full employment did not return until the war years of the early 1940s.
To put Great Depression unemployment in context, consider that the highest annual unemployment rate ever recorded after 1940 was 9.7% in 1982.4 The average rate between 1998-2008 (including the 2002 recession) was 5%, and as of December 2008 (during a time of serious economic turmoil) unemployment stood at 7.2% nationally.5
***
The Great Crash on Wall Street
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Peak in September 1929: 381.17
Trough in July 1932: 41.22
The Great Crash of October 1929 was only the beginning of four years of steady decline in stock values on Wall Street. The Dow Jones Industrial Average, one measure of the health of the stock market as a whole, lost nearly 90% of its value between 1929 and 1932. Amazingly, the Dow would not reach a value higher than its 1929 peak until 23 November 1954, a full quarter-century after the Great Crash.6
***
Political Participation During the Great Depression
Civilian Population of Voting Age
in 1932: 75.7 million
in 1934: 77.9 million
in 1936: 80.1 million
in 1938: 82.2 million
Percentage of Eligible Voters Who Cast Ballots in General Elections
in 1920: 43.5%
in 1924: 43.9%
in 1928: 51.9%
in 1932: 52.5%
in 1936: 57.0%
in 1940: 59.2%
in 1944: 52.9%
Estimated audience for Father Charles Coughlin's weekly radio program by the end of 1932: 30-45 million
Estimated number of Americans who signed Townsend Plan petitions by 1935: 25 Million
Estimated number of Americans subscribed to the mailing list of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth clubs by 1935: 7.5 million
Estimated membership of Communist Party USA in 1934: 30,000
Estimated membership of German-American Bund (Nazi sympathizers) in 1938: 25,000
While fewer than half of all voters participated in general elections throughout much of the 1920s, a steady climb in voter participation occurred from 1928 through 1940, as more voters took the opportunity to cast votes for (or against) President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Participation in non-electoral political activities also increased during the Depression, as charismatic figures such as Father Coughlin, Francis Townsend, and Huey Long developed enthusiastic followings. Revolutionary parties on the far left (communists) and far right (fascists) frightened many Americans, but never gained more than a fringe following.7
***
Entertainment During the Great Depression
Average Weekly Movie Attendance
in 1927: 57 million
in 1930: 90 million
in 1931: 80 million
in 1932: 60 million
in 1933: 50 million
Contrary to some popular mythology, the film industry was not 'Depression-Proof' and suffered a steep decline along with the fortunes of the nation as a whole. Cinema attendances soared after the 1927 introduction of "talkies" (movies with full sound). But weekly viewership peaked at 90 million tickets in 1930, then declined by more than a third by 1933.8
***
Family Life in the Great Depression
Fertility Rates (per 100,000 women aged 15-44)
in 1928: 93.8
in 1929: 89.3
in 1930: 89.2
in 1931: 84.6
in 1932: 81.7
in 1933: 76.3
in 1934: 78.5
in 1935: 77.2
in 1936: 75.8
in 1937: 77.1
in 1938: 79.1
in 1939: 77.6
in 1940: 79.9
in 1941: 83.4
in 1942: 91.5
in 1943: 94.3
in 1944: 88.8
in 1945: 85.9
The widespread poverty of the Great Depression caused dramatic changes to family life as young couples, worried about their finances, put off having children. The US fertility rate (the number of children born to women aged 15-44) declined by nearly 20% from 1928 1935. Fertility rates recovered somewhat during World War II, which brought renewed prosperity to America. However, the war created its own impediments to fertility, as millions would-be American fathers were stationed overseas in the military. After 1945, Americans made up for 15 years of long-deferred babymaking by reproducing at record rates, creating the so-called 'Baby Boom'; from 1946-64, the average fertility rate was a sky-high 113.4 per 100,000.9
Average divorce rate, (per 1,000 people)
1920-1929: 1.6
1930-33: 1.4
1934-39: 1.8
1940-46: 2.8
1947-64: 2.5
The economic hardship of the Depression made couples somewhat less likely to divorce, as individuals (especially women) stuck in unhappy marriages often decided to tough it out rather than risk financial ruin by leaving their spouses. The very different tensions caused by World War II, by contrast, brought a spike in the divorce rate, and divorce rates throughout the postwar period never fell back to levels as low as in the 1930s.10
Average rate of death by suicide (per 100,000 population)
1920-1928: 12.1
1929: 18.1
1930-1940: 15.4
The Great Crash of 1929, which suddenly brought economic ruin to thousands of people accustomed to a decade of prosperity, caused an immediate and dramatic spike in suicides. Suicide rates, which averaged 12.1 per 100,000 people in the decade prior to the Depression, jumped to an alarming 18.9 in the year of Wall Street's crash. The suicide rate remained higher than normal throughout the remainder of the Great Depression, then fell sharply during World War
Below is a partial list of New Deal "alphabet agencies" and their primary function (relief, recovery, or reform).
AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (Recovery) Created in 1933, he AAA paid farmers for not planting crops in order to reduce surpluses, increase demand for seven major farm commodities, and raise prices. Farm income rose, but many tenants and share-croppers were pushed into the ranks of the unemployed. In 1936 the Supreme Court voided the AAA.
 CCC Barracks, Camp Euclid, Ohio September 1936 |
Created in 1933, the CWA employed four million people--paid an average of $15 a week--many in useful construction jobs such as repairing schools, laying sewer pipes, building roads. Some CWA jobs, however, were criticized as useless (e.g., leaf raking). Roosevelt disbanded the program after less than a year.
FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (Relief)
The FSA was created in 1937 (formerly called the Resettlement Administration in 1935) to aid sharecroppers. The FSA set up temporary housing for "Okies" and "Arkies" (Dust Bowl refugees from Oklahoma and Arkansas) who migrated to California in hope of finding work.
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORP. (Reform)
To restore confidence in banks and encourage savings, Congress created the FDIC to insure bank customers against the loss of up to $5,000 their deposits if their bank should fail. Created by the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act of 1933, the FDIC is still in existence.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMIN. (Relief)
Created in 1933, FERA supported nearly five million households each month and funded thousands of work projects for the unemployed. It also provided vaccinations and literacy classes for millions of poor people.
FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION (Recovery)
The FHA was created in 1934 to stimulate the building industry by providing small loans for home construction. A related program, also created in 1934, was the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC).
INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (Reform)
The Indian Removal Act of 1934 (called the "Indian New Deal, reversed the forced-assimilation policies in effect since the Dawes Act of 1887. The IRA tried to stop the loss of Indian lands and encouraged Native American tribes to establish local self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions.
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT (Reform)
The NLRA (also called the Wagner Act) of 1935 created the National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights or organized labor to organize and collectively bargain with employers.
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION (Recovery)
The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 created the NRA to promote economic recovery by ending wage and price deflation and restoring competition. The NRA set business codes and quotas. Under its symbol of a blue eagle and slogan ("We Do Our Part"), the NRA temporarily restored investor confidence and consumer morale, but it failed to stimulate industrial production. In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional.
NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION (Relief)
Created under the Emergency Relief Act of 1935, the NYA provided more than 4.5 million jobs for young people.
PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION (Relief/Recovery)
Established by the NIRA in 1933, the PWA was intended both for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Eventually over $4 billion was spent on 34,000 construction projects including public buildings, highways, bridges (e.g., San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge), and dams for water and power.
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION (Reform)
Before the New Deal, only 10 percent of the country outside cities and towns had electricity. The REA (1935) gave low-cost loans to farm cooperatives to bring power into their communities. By 1941, the REA succeeded in raising to 40 percent the number of farms with electricity.
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (Reform)The SEC was created in 1934 to serve as a federal "watchdog" administrative agency to protect public and private investors from stock market fraud, deception and insider manipulation on Wall Street. The SEC is still in existence [its reputation was tarnished a bit by the Enron collapse in 2001-02].
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (Reform)The Social Security Act of 1935 established the SSA to administer a national pension fund for retired persons, an unemployment insurance system, and public assistance programs for dependent mothers, children, and the physically disabled. The pension was financed by a payroll tax to begin in 1937. It exists to this day as the nation's most important and expensive domestic program, covering over 40 million Americans and accounting for about one-fourth of the federal budget.
 Wilson Dam Location : Alabama May 30, 1933: TVA |
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (Relief) Established under the $4.8 billion Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, the WPA lasted until 1943 and employed at least 8.5 million people at an average of $2 a day. They built thousands of roads, bridges, schools, post offices and other public construction projects. In addition, under the WPA's Arts Program, thousands of unemployed writers, musicians, artists, actors, and photographers temporarily went on the federal payroll, producing public projects ranging from murals to national park guidebooks.*
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